Movement Analysis Practice Test

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• During the gait cycle, the body does what with each step?
• Hip external rotators are especially important in early stance for controlling what?
• During terminal stance and pre-swing, the foot applies what type of force to the ground?
• Which event occurs at approximately 60% of the gait cycle?
• The unit used to represent energy expenditure in the reviewed material is:
• Which phase begins at 0% of the gait cycle?
• During swing phase, knee motion is produced primarily by which mechanism?
• Which speed condition triggers a transition from walking to running to maintain efficiency?
• Which muscle is especially associated with eccentric control of ankle plantarflexion at initial contact/loading response?
• The most efficient gait occurs at what pattern and speed?
• During midstance, how is knee extension maintained when quadriceps activity is low?
• During loading response and midstance, the center of pressure generally moves where?
• Weight acceptance demands include which of the following sets?
• During pre-swing, the knee flexes to approximately what range?
• Stance phase makes up approximately what percentage of the gait cycle for one limb?
• The gait line can be used to analyze foot function, neuromuscular control, and which additional factor?
• Extreme tibialis anterior weakness during swing can result in what deviation?
• Pre-swing is best described as which of the following?
• The primary way to conserve energy during gait is to minimize movement of what?
• Pre-toe-off hip flexors operate eccentrically because the hip is doing which action?
• Which rocker is associated with midstance?
• Individuals with balance disorders walk with a wider base of support to improve stability, but what does this do to energy expenditure?
• Quadriceps become active in very late swing primarily for what purpose?
• During terminal stance and pre-swing, the GRF is directed which way?
• During initial contact, the critical event is best described as which of the following?
• The first vertical GRF peak occurs during which phase?
• The cost of walking is calculated using oxygen consumption divided by which parameter?
• Ground reaction force and foot force are described as having what relationship?
• In midstance, the quadriceps perform which type of muscle action to extend the knee?
• During loading response, the internal muscle action at the hip is primarily what?
• External torques during gait are generated by what?
• Energy expenditure during gait is commonly measured indirectly by quantifying what?
• Hip abductors are especially active during single limb support to prevent what?
• What is the external ankle moment during midstance?
• Which statement about the hip orientation at the start of stance is true?
• Extensor digitorum longus and extensor hallucis longus are active at heel contact to which function?
• Torque in mid-range is produced by which combination of factors?
• Tibialis posterior supinates during approximately what portion of the gait cycle?
• Which axis represents the anterior-posterior GRF component?
• On slippery surfaces, foot placement should be closer to what to reduce shear force?
• During midstance, the hip is approximately in what position?
• The second half of swing, the thigh momentum contributes to limb progression by which mechanism?
• Hip motion in the frontal plane helps reduce what during gait?
• From heel contact to foot flat, tibialis anterior may help decelerate what?
• During initial contact of gait, the hip is described as slightly what in the horizontal plane?
• Swing limb advancement comprises which of the following sets?
• During terminal stance and pre-swing, the iliopsoas is described as doing what?
• At heel contact, the foot is slightly supinated because this creates what?
• Which statement describes the effect of longer steps on the anterior-posterior ground reaction force?
• During gait, which muscle acts as the primary hip flexor?
• Why are there no ground reaction forces during swing phase?
• During initial contact, the hip flexion is approximately which range?
• By pre-swing, the subtalar joint moves toward maximal inversion because the foot needs to become what?
• Which energy-saving strategy reduces side-to-side excursion of the COM?
• Soleus and gastrocnemius are active during most of stance except which portion?
• Hip external rotators are most active during which portion of gait?
• The vertical component of the GRF is represented by which axis?
• Which group correctly lists the three demands of swing limb advancement?
• Potential energy in gait is primarily a function of what?
• The posterior fibers of gluteus medius assist with which motions?
• After the initial pelvic drop during swing, the pelvis elevates slightly to help with what?
• The short bursts of electrical activity during gait are listed as lasting approximately how long?
• The primary hip extensor action during loading response is described as which?
• The out-of-phase exchange between potential and kinetic energy allows the body to function like what?
• Side-to-side COM displacement is partially seen clinically as which gait variable?
• The body's COM moves in which three directions during gait?
• Maximal kinetic energy occurs during double limb support at approximately what points?
• Internal torques are generally created by what?
• During push-off, which action do the plantar flexors primarily produce to drive forward propulsion?
• Which GRF component has the largest peak force during walking?
• Approximately how many centimeters is side-to-side COM displacement during normal gait?
• Which statement best describes the dampening role of spinal motion during gait?
• At approximately 100% of the gait cycle, which event occurs?
• During terminal stance and pre-swing, the external ankle moment is what?
• If forward movement of the leg is uncontrolled during stance, what can occur?
• Walking slower than preferred speed disrupts pendulum mechanics because there is less what?
• Tibialis posterior contributes to which combination of actions?
• Minor activity of EDL and EHL during push off may provide ankle stability through coactivation with which muscles?
• Shoulder motion in the sagittal plane is reciprocal with which joint?
• Walking speed is best defined as which of the following?
• From heel off to toe off, the center of pressure migrates where?
• Medial-lateral GRFs are generally described as what?
• The major plantar flexor burst decreases rapidly at what event?
• Which percentage best represents the peak medial-lateral GRF during walking?
• The major quadriceps burst shortly after heel contact controls what? (rephrase)
• Weakness of tibialis anterior at heel contact can cause which deviation?
• Rectus abdominis activation during gait is associated with activation of which hip muscle group?
• Rapid pronation/calcaneal eversion after heel contact provides what type of foot structure for weight acceptance?
• End-range connective tissue deformation significance: which range is most associated with this behavior?
• Terminal swing quadriceps activity prepares for which gait event?
• Stance phase knee flexion also functions as what when the body passes over the standing foot?
• In proximal muscle dominance, which muscle groups handle more of the heavy lifting?
• Which GRF component is represented by the Y-axis?
• During which gait phase does the second vertical GRF peak occur?
• What is the typical duration of short EMG bursts during gait?
• Hip motion in the horizontal plane is largely related to which pair of movements?
• Vertical COM displacement during normal gait is approximately what?
• Which region does the center of pressure move toward during push-off?
• As stance progresses, the hip moves toward what horizontal plane position?
• Most internal torques controlling joint motion at mid-range are created by what?
• During which phase does the body progress over a single stable limb?
• When one side of the pelvis is protracted during gait, what happens to the other side?
• During midstance, the external knee extension moment may create a tendency toward what if excessive?
• At the end of stance, sagittal plane ankle rotation uses plantarflexion/heel rise to do what?
• Before heel contact, hamstrings help do what?
• The shoulder girdle rotates approximately how much during gait?
• Which bones make up the subtalar joint?
• Longer steps and faster walking speed do what to anterior-posterior GRF magnitude?
• The GRF "butterfly" diagram represents force trajectory from what event to what event?
• Which event occurs at approximately 30% of the gait cycle?
• During swing phase, most knee flexion and extension is performed how?
• Fibularis muscles counteract the strong inversion of which muscle group?
• Normal gait conserves energy partly because the COM does what?
• During midstance, pressure shifts toward which region?
• Which motions are associated with the posterior fibers of gluteus medius?
• Preferred walking speed for healthy adults is typically around what range?
• Which rocker is associated with toe off or pre-swing?
• The second burst of hip adductor activity helps initiate what motion?
• Which of the following best describes the fate of the limb if external moments at the ankle, knee, and hip are not balanced during loading response?
• Hip flexors are eccentrically active before toe-off because the hip is doing what at that time?
• During midstance, the external knee moment is best described as producing which knee motion?
• Which combination reduces downward displacement of the center of mass during gait?
• During terminal stance, weight distribution shifts to which part of the foot?
• Net internal torque accounts for the combined effect of which groups?
• During terminal stance and pre-swing, the internal ankle muscle action is what?
• The first burst of hip adductor activity occurs when?
• Which gait configuration is described as the most energy-efficient?
• During midstance, which muscles provide frontal plane stability at the hip?
• Which muscles are listed as hip internal rotators during gait?
• Fibularis longus and brevis are active from approximately what portion of the gait cycle?
• Knee flexors during loading response are mostly active at which joint?
• Which group correctly lists the three demands of weight acceptance?
• Which GRF component has the largest peak force during walking?
• The gait line is used to analyze which combination?
• At very fast walking speeds, cost may become so high that the body transitions into what to restore efficiency?
• The swing limb advancement comprises which phases?
• During terminal stance and pre-swing, the internal hip muscle action is primarily what?
• What is the average normal step rate?
• Which option best describes the function of small spinal motions during gait?
• Which compensation may occur with drop foot during swing?
• From approximately what percent of the gait cycle do the plantar flexors begin to eccentrically control dorsiflexion?
• At heel contact, the subtalar joint is typically positioned how?
• Swing phase makes up approximately what percentage of the gait cycle for one limb?
• During loading response, the internal muscle action at the ankle is primarily what?
• Two demands of single limb support include which of the following sets?
• Intrinsic muscles of the foot are typically active during which period?
• In the energy expenditure review, energy expenditure is represented by which unit?
• The phases of gait may be absent under which conditions?
• During the initial 10% of stance, hamstrings assist with hip extension and provide stability to the knee through what mechanism?
• The path of the center of pressure during stance is often called what?
• During swing phase, tibialis anterior produces dorsiflexion primarily to allow what?
• Maximal hip internal rotation occurs at approximately what point in the gait cycle?
• Vertical ground reaction forces are slightly greater than body weight during which periods?
• The eight phases of gait can be defined by what?
• Which phase occupies about 60% of the gait cycle for one limb?
• In the frontal plane, the hip ground reaction force is described as which location?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the three major tasks of gait?
• The relationship between walking speed and energy cost forms what type of curve?
• Supination includes which combination of motions?
• During swing, extensor digitorum longus and extensor hallucis longus assist with what?
• In heel contact, which bone is primed to strike the ground due to sagittal plane ankle rotation?
• Intrinsic foot muscles stabilize the forefoot and raise the arch.
• Which phase is associated with the tibialis anterior activity that decelerates the shifting of the foot from heel strike to foot flat?
• The posterior fibers of gluteus medius assist with which motions?
• At approximately 5% and 55% of the gait cycle, which energy characteristic is observed?
• Horizontal plane pelvic rotation minimizes hip ROM to keep the COM from dropping as far?
• During loading response, vertical GRF is greater than body weight because it helps decelerate what?
• Which phases are included in weight acceptance?
• The location of the GRF relative to a joint axis helps determine which muscles contract, how hard they work, and what else?
• Intersegmental energy transfer allows kinetic energy created in one segment to be recycled to propel adjacent sections including the thigh, shank, and what?
• Frontal plane knee motion during gait is described as which of the following?
• Which variable is not directly used in the standard energy cost calculation for walking as described?
• Peak vertical GRF is approximately what percentage of body weight?
• During over-the-foot progression, the knee primarily acts as which of the following?
• What is the average normal walking speed?
• Which statement accurately describes the onset of gluteus maximus activation in the gait cycle?
• What is the normal range of walking speed?
• During late stance, the COP moves medially across the forefoot toward which structure?
• Which statement best describes how net internal torque is determined?
• During terminal stance and pre-swing, the center of pressure shifts medially across the forefoot and ends near what structure for propulsion?
• Hamstrings are most active during which period?
• Which combination best describes mid-swing hip and ankle positions?
• Some knee flexor activation occurs at terminal swing to help control what?
• Hip adductors have how many bursts of activity during gait?
• During stance, the center of pressure path across individuals is best described as?
• During stance, knee flexion shortens the leg slightly to reduce COM rise. Which option describes this effect?
• The joint whose primary motion is dorsiflexion is which?
• During midstance, the external hip moment includes extension and what frontal plane tendency?
• Intrinsic foot muscles stabilize the forefoot and raise what structure?
• External torques during gait are generated by which mechanism?
• Tibialis posterior is active during approximately what portion of the gait cycle?
• If a healthy person walks significantly faster or slower than approximately 1.33 m/sec, energy cost per meter does what?
• The gait line can be used to analyze foot function, neuromuscular control, and what else?
• During midstance, where is the ground reaction force located relative to the ankle joint axis?
• Which statement describes the knee's passive lock in midstance?
• Walking faster than approximately 1.33 m/sec has what effect on energy cost?
• During late stance, which event marks the transition from stance to swing?
• At slower-than-preferred speeds, muscles must contract longer to maintain what?
• Which group correctly lists the three major tasks of gait?
• Double limb support occurs during how much of the gait cycle total?
• Vertical GRFs are directed how relative to the surface?
• Lateral displacement amplitude is mainly a function of which frontal plane hip motions?
• Which axis represents the medial-lateral GRF component?
• Which muscles are listed as hip internal rotators during gait?
• During which phase does the knee reach approximately 60° flexion by the end of the phase?
• A muscle is considered 'on' during EMG analysis when what occurs?
• During terminal stance and pre-swing, the external hip moment is what?
• The second half of swing is mainly produced by which mechanism?
• During terminal stance and pre-swing, the ground reaction force is located far anterior to the ankle axis.
• In gait, which statement best describes the relationship between shoulder girdle movement and pelvis movement?
• During terminal stance and pre-swing, the internal ankle muscle action is what?
• Internal torques during gait are generally created by what mechanism?
• At heel contact, sagittal plane ankle rotation helps by allowing what structure to strike the ground?
• Which component is primarily involved in passively transferring kinetic energy between segments during gait?
• How many kinematic energy-saving strategies are listed in the lecture?
• Which critical event is associated with midstance?
• The hip reaches maximal internal rotation at approximately what point in the gait cycle?
• Which statement best describes the goal of energy-saving strategies in gait?
• Using a cane in the contralateral hand can reduce demands on which muscle group?
• During swing, the calcaneus returns to what position in preparation for the next heel contact?
• During loading response, which combination of knee and ankle movements is typical?
• The second burst of hip adductor activity occurs when?
• Hip abductors stabilize the pelvis primarily in which plane?
• During midstance, the internal ankle muscle action is primarily what?
• Which joint action is a critical event during loading response?
• Horizontal plane pelvic rotation effectively does what to the reaching leg?
• Kinetic energy is directly related to what variable?
• Intrinsic foot muscles also help control what between heel off and toe off?
• Frontal plane knee motion during gait is described as which of the following?
• Mid-swing requires which critical event?
• In gait, tibialis posterior helps maintain the medial longitudinal arch by causing which hindfoot motion?
• Hip flexors are concentrically active during which part of swing?
• At normal comfortable walking speeds, active muscle work accounts for approximately how much remaining work?
• Which energy forms exchange out-of-phase during gait, enabling efficient energy storage and return?
• In loading response, the external moment at the knee tends to move the knee in which direction?
• The tibialis anterior has two main periods of activity during gait: heel contact and what other period?
• Walking faster than 1.33 m/s affects energy cost by doing what?
• Which group is identified as the hip internal rotators during gait?
• Stance phase knee flexion reduces upward COM displacement by doing what to the functional length of the leg?
• Which rocker occurs at initial contact?
• Which joints interact to create the tri-planar motions of pronation and supination?
• The Rancho Los Amigos gait phases were published by which individual?
• Which muscle group eccentrically controls plantarflexion during loading response to prevent foot slap?
• The posterior fibers of gluteus medius assist with which motions?
• Terminal stance is best described as which of the following?
• During loading response, which movement is most characteristic of the knee and ankle?
• A decreased dynamic base of support creates what trade-off?
• During gait, the shoulder girdle rotates opposite the pelvis to provide what function?
• During loading response, the GRF falls where relative to the knee axis?
• Gluteus medius becomes active toward the very end of swing phase to do what?
• Which phases are included in swing limb advancement?
• Rectus abdominis activity occurs during which two general portions of the gait cycle?
• Between heel off and toe off, inversion/supination of the foot provides what?
• Small spinal movements during gait occur in what range?
• Single limb support makes up approximately what percentage of the gait cycle?
• Which combination is described as the hip external rotator group emphasized for gait?
• During gait, the primary hip flexor is which muscle?
• Frontal plane hip rotation mainly reduces what type of COM displacement?
• Eccentric activation produces internal torque when the joint moves in which relation to the muscle's action?
• Which statement best describes sagittal plane ankle rotation in gait?
• Midstance is best described as which of the following?
• The double limb support consists of which of the following?
• Which muscles are included in the hip external rotator group emphasized during gait analysis?
• The anterior fibers of gluteus medius assist with which motions?
• During terminal swing, the ankle is approximately in what position?
• Which statement correctly describes the sequence of the three major gait tasks?
• Optimal efficiency is approximately what walking speed?
• Horizontal plane pelvic rotation minimizes required hip ROM, preventing the COM from doing what?
• During initial contact, the ankle is typically positioned in what range?
• Which timing describes the two bursts of hip adductor activity during gait?
• Which muscles are the primary hip abductors emphasized in the lecture?
• Fibularis longus and brevis are primarily described as which type of muscles?
• Which group is listed as the hip external rotators during gait?
• During gait, which rotation occurs as you move from initial contact toward mid-stance?
• In horizontal plane gait mechanics, the pelvis is positioned how at initial contact?
• Foot forces are best described as which of the following?
• Energy cost is minimized at what type of walking speed?
• During terminal stance and pre-swing, the ground reaction force is positioned where relative to the ankle axis?
• An anteriorly directed GRF does what to the center of mass?
• During the late stance phase just before toe-off, the plantar flexors primarily contribute to which outcome?
• In gait analysis, which energy form increases with faster movement?
• When does the erector spinae first become active during gait?
• During terminal swing, the critical event is which of the following?
• During midstance, the external knee moment is what?
• Which rocker is associated with toe off or pre-swing?
• What is the numerator in the energy cost calculation for walking?
• Which muscle is especially associated with controlling hip flexion/jackknifing during loading response?
• Which group correctly lists the two demands of single limb support?
• Which speed is closest to the optimal efficiency according to the data?
• Where does the center of pressure begin during initial contact?
• In horizontal plane gait mechanics, at initial contact the pelvis is positioned how?
• Most knee flexion during swing is produced how?
• A posteriorly directed GRF does what to forward progression of the center of mass?
• Frontal plane pelvic rotation reduces upward COM displacement through what movement of the pelvis?
• The shoulder girdle rotates in what direction relative to the pelvis?
• Peak medial-lateral GRF is approximately what percentage of body weight?
• During late stance and pre-swing, the foot provides which type of force to the ground?
• When the left leg is going through swing, what occurs at the pelvis?
• During terminal stance and pre-swing, internal muscle action at the knee is minimal because the knee does what?
• At normal comfortable walking speeds, mechanical energy exchange recovers approximately how much energy?
• Kinetic energy is based on what?
• The medial longitudinal arch lowering during stance is controlled by which muscle to prevent excessive flattening?
• Besides vertical displacement, which displacement direction is emphasized by energy-saving strategies?
• During initial contact, the knee flexion is approximately which range?
• The center of pressure path through stance is often called what?
• The subtalar joint frontal plane angle is measured between which structures?
• Small spinal movements during gait occur in all three planes and primarily serve to
• Hip external rotators help control what during early stance?
• Understanding where the GRF falls relative to a joint axis determines what?
• Peak anterior-posterior GRF is approximately what percentage of body weight?
• A common compensatory pattern when dorsiflexion is compromised in swing is increased hip and knee flexion to lift the foot; Which term describes this compensation?
• Walking slower than preferred speed increases metabolic cost due to time penalties and what else?
• During the swing of the left leg, which pelvic movement is observed?
• Hip internal rotators move the contralateral side of the pelvis forward in the horizontal plane to assist with what during gait?
• During initial swing, the knee reaches approximately what amount of flexion by the end of the phase?
• During loading response, the internal muscle action at the knee is primarily what?
• Hip flexors become eccentrically active before toe-off during which range?
• In swing phase hip torque, the net torque may be hip flexion even if what is also active?
• When the right leg is going through swing, what occurs at the pelvis?
• Which statement best describes energy cost trend when walking speed deviates from the optimal?
• Even when a muscle is considered 'off' during EMG gait analysis, what is still present?
• During loading response, the combined external moments at the ankle, knee, and hip threaten to do what to the limb?
• During terminal stance and pre-swing, the GRF is positioned where relative to the hip axis?
• During initial contact, the hip is typically positioned in what range?
• During loading response, the GRF falls where relative to the hip axis?
• During horizontal plane gait mechanics, the pelvis moves from which position at the beginning of stance to which position at the end of stance?
• Which location is best for observing frontal plane gait mechanics?
• Quadriceps become active in very late swing primarily for what purpose? (rephrase)
• Knee flexors during loading response are mostly active at which joint?
• During loading response, vertical ground reaction force is slightly greater than body weight.
• In horizontal plane gait mechanics, at terminal stance the pelvis is positioned how?
• At midstance or heel rise, the subtalar joint reaches approximately what position?
• At heel contact, tibialis anterior acts eccentrically to decelerate what?
• As walking speed increases, how does the shoulder sagittal plane motion change?
• In the context of gait, what is the term for the movement of the arch that tibialis anterior helps decelerate to prevent excessive flattening?
• During loading response, the knee flexes to approximately what range?
• The two bursts of hip adductor activity during gait correspond to which timing?
• During a typical stance phase, how many vertical GRF peaks are observed?
• On icy surfaces, which gait pattern reduces slip risk?
• In gait EMG analysis, how would you characterize typical muscle activity patterns?
• At roughly 73% of the gait cycle, which event occurs?
• Concentric activation is associated with internal torque when the joint moves in which direction?
• Intersegmental transfer reduces muscle work because muscles only need to generate what portion of total movement power?
• The propulsive force of one limb is counter-balanced by what from the opposite limb?
• Which phase marks the start of gluteus maximus activity in the gait cycle?
• Toe-off function of intrinsic foot muscles.
• Shoulder sagittal motion during gait ranges approximately from what positions?
• At heel contact, the foot applies what type of force to the ground?
• Side-to-side COM displacement during normal gait is approximately what?
• Which muscle is particularly involved in limiting hip flexion during loading response?
• Rectus femoris assists which muscle group during gait?
• Which statement best describes the role of internal hip rotators during gait?
• Small spinal movements during gait primarily serve to do what?
• Ground reaction forces are present during which portion of gait?
• Which statement best describes the tibialis posterior's role in gait?
• Which spatial-temporal measure is described as the most functional measure of walking ability?
• Ground reaction forces are applied to what structure during gait?
• During terminal stance, vertical ground reaction force is slightly greater than body weight.
• Gluteus maximus remains active from heel contact to midstance to do what?
• Highest body velocity occurs during what period?
• The center of pressure path from heel contact to toe off is often called what?
• Energy-saving strategies primarily reduce or optimize displacement of what?
• Tibialis posterior acts on which structures during mid and late stance?
• The talocrural joint's primary motion is which of the following?
• Which two strategies reduce downward displacement of the COM?
• During comfortable walking, what percentage of energy remains to be supplied by active muscles after energy recovery?
• Fibularis longus assists foot kinematics by helping hold which structure rigidly to the ground?
• Which movement primarily reduces side-to-side COM displacement?
• Vertical ground reaction force is slightly less than body weight during which period?
• Which GRF component has the smallest peak force during walking?
• During terminal stance and pre-swing, the center of pressure shifts where?
• Which unit expresses energy cost per distance per body mass in gait analysis?
• Pronation includes which combination of motions?
• Which pair of joints contribute to tri-planar pronation and supination?
• Quadriceps activity shortly after heel contact is primarily what type of activation? (rephrase)
• In the gait cycle, the shoulder girdle exhibits approximately how many degrees of rotation?
• Which phase involves the trailing limb rapidly unloading as weight transfers to the opposite foot?
• Knowing when muscles are active during gait helps with which clinical purpose?
• Walking speed can be calculated using which formula?
• At heel contact, the lateral CoP location helps explain the foot's natural tendency toward plantarflexion and what other motion?
• During swing, the pelvis begins moving back toward which position?
• How many energy-saving kinematic strategies are listed?
• During loading response, the external ankle moment is what?
• During midstance, the quadriceps act concentrically to do what?
• The hip returns toward external rotation from what part of the gait cycle?
• During terminal stance and pre-swing, the GRF is positioned where relative to the knee axis?
• In gait analysis, the four purposes include observing impairments, planning treatment, educating the patient, and which other element?
• Tibialis anterior helps decelerate lowering of which arch?
• Base trace is the term used to describe the path of what during stance?
• During loading response, the ankle GRF falls where relative to the ankle axis?
• At heel contact, the center of pressure is located where?
• Approximately how many centimeters is vertical COM displacement during normal gait?
• Rectus abdominis activity increases when which muscles are actively flexing the hip?
• Which event occurs at approximately 10% of the gait cycle?
• During terminal stance and pre-swing, the ground reaction force is positioned relative to the knee joint axis.
• Which muscles eccentrically control tibial advancement during midstance?
• The first vertical GRF peak occurs during which gait phase?
• During terminal stance, the hip is typically positioned in what range?
• Which phases are included in single limb support?
• Which muscles provide push-off during terminal stance and pre-swing?
• Which phase follows midstance and precedes swing, involving peak forward progression of the body and forefoot loading?
• Walking faster than preferred speed increases metabolic cost because muscles must rapidly accelerate and forcefully do what to the legs?
• Momentum conservation prevents energy from being wasted as what during deceleration?
• During midstance, the ankle is approximately in what position?
• What is the approximate normal step length?
• Gluteus maximus begins activity during which phase?
• Which combination defines pronation?
• During midstance, vertical GRF is lower than body weight because of what?
• At initial contact, the hip is described as externally rotated in the horizontal plane. Which option correctly reflects this?
• At the end of mid-swing, the ankle is in what position?
• Which option correctly lists the hip external rotators during gait?
• Loading response is best described as which of the following?
• During terminal stance and pre-swing, the external ankle moment is what?
• The path of the center of pressure under the foot during stance follows what type of pattern?
• Which muscle activity prevents forward trunk jackknifing during gait?
• Which statement about the hip external rotators during gait is true?
• Soleus and gastrocnemius are not active during which portion of stance?
• Stance phase knee flexion helps "shave off" what part of the COM wave?
• From 50% of the gait cycle to mid-swing, the hip returns toward what position?
• Which gait parameter reflects the side-to-side movements of the body's center of mass?
• The eight phases of gait are defined by which criterion?
• The first burst of hip adductor activity helps do what?
• Which statement about single limb support is accurate?
• Which of the following is one of the three major tasks of gait?
• From heel contact to midstance, gluteus maximus primarily contributes to which function?
• During midstance, the hip GRF position is described as posterior in the sagittal plane and what in the frontal plane?
• During terminal stance, the ankle is approximately in what position?
• Maximal potential energy occurs at the highest points of COM at approximately what points?
• During push-off, minor activity of EDL and EHL may provide ankle stability through coactivation with which muscles?
• Loss of tibialis posterior function may lead to which deviation?
• How many vertical GRF peaks occur during a typical stance phase?
• During swing, the pelvis begins moving back toward which position?
• Fibularis longus helps the foot act as what during terminal stance and pre-swing?
• The second burst of erector spinae activity occurs approximately when?
• Which statement describes the effect of a forward-propelling ground reaction force on momentum?
• Which motions are associated with the anterior fibers of gluteus medius?
• Concentric muscle activation produces internal joint torque when the joint motion is in which direction relative to the muscle's action?
• Passive deformation or recoil of connective tissue is especially significant when?
• Which of the following is a common drop foot compensation during gait?
• At heel contact, sufficient friction is needed to prevent the foot from doing what?
• Which statement best describes energy exchange during gait?
• Pelvic motion in the frontal plane includes which movement pattern?
• Which option is NOT a GRF component axis described?
• At heel contact, the ground reaction force is in which direction?
• Intrinsic foot muscles provide what for ankle plantarflexion needed for toe off?
• Walking speed is defined as the product of which two factors?
• The key benefit of intersegmental energy transfer is that it reduces what?
• Lowest body velocity occurs during what phase?
• The standard unit for energy cost of gait listed in the lecture is what?
• During midstance, quadriceps act concentrically to do what?
• During terminal stance and pre-swing, the external knee moment is what?
• Which two strategies reduce upward displacement of the COM?
• From about 10% of the gait cycle to heel off, the ankle plantar flexors primarily do what?
• During most of swing phase, gluteus maximus is generally inactive until terminal swing because terminal swing needs what?
• Which statement about the swing phase is true?
• The classic "butterfly" GRF diagram is created by combining vertical components and what other components?
• Quadriceps activity shortly after heel contact is primarily what type of activation?
• During single-leg support, the hip abductors prevent which of the following?
• Eccentric activation is associated with internal torque when the joint moves how?
• The second vertical GRF peak primarily reflects which muscular action?
• Initial swing is best described as which of the following?
• Sagittal plane ankle rotation reduces downward COM displacement through which joint motions?
• The gait cycle begins with which event?
• What is the average normal step length?
• What is the consequence of intersegmental energy transfer on the metabolic cost of gait?
• Medial-lateral GRFs primarily depend on the relationship between foot location and what?
• The external ankle dorsiflexion moment can be thought of as which problem if uncontrolled during midstance?
• Using a cane reduces demands on which muscle group?
• During weight acceptance, which two phases are involved?
• After the initial pelvic drop during swing, the pelvis elevates slightly to help with what?
• The second vertical GRF peak reflects what major action?
• During loading response, the ankle GRF falls relative to the ankle axis in which direction?
• During mid-swing, the ankle should reach approximately what position?
• Which direction is the horizontal ground reaction force pointed at heel contact?
• At approximately 87% of the gait cycle, which event occurs?
• During initial contact, the knee is typically positioned in what range?
• Hip internal rotators are active through much of stance to do what?
• Which statement best describes how medial-lateral ground reaction forces compare to vertical forces?
• Hip abductors are most active during approximately what portion of the gait cycle?
• During midstance, knee flexors act eccentrically to control what?
• If the dorsiflexors do not eccentrically control plantarflexion at loading response, what gait deviation may occur?
• When the right leg is going through swing, what occurs at the pelvis?
• In the initial swing phase, which statement best describes the body's relation to the stance limb?
• Which rocker is active during midstance?
• In horizontal plane gait mechanics, the pelvis is positioned how at terminal stance?
• Tibialis posterior decelerates pronation during approximately what portion of the gait cycle?
• At heel contact, the anterior-posterior GRF is directed which way?
• Which statement best describes the location of the center of pressure at heel contact?
• Which GRF component is represented by the X-axis?
• Gluteus maximus begins activity in terminal swing primarily to do what?
• During midstance, the quadriceps act concentrically to do what? (rephrase)
• During midstance, the ground reaction force is positioned where relative to the knee axis?
• The major burst of ankle plantar flexor activity occurs near what event?
• The two main directions of action for energy-saving strategies are vertical displacement and what?
• Throughout gait, lower extremity muscles typically exhibit what type of EMG activity?
• Which GRF component is represented by the Z-axis?
• The location of the GRF relative to a joint axis helps determine which muscles contract, how hard they work, and what else?
• During loading response, the external knee moment is what?
• Intersegmental transfer of energy improves gait efficiency by passively passing kinetic energy between body segments through what?
• According to Newton's 3rd law, foot forces and ground reaction forces are equal in magnitude but what?
• Terminal swing quadriceps activity is primarily what type of activation?
• Potential energy is based on what?
• Rectus femoris assists which muscle group during gait?
• The anterior fibers of gluteus medius assist with which motions?
• Rectus abdominis stabilizes the pelvis and lumbar spine to prevent what?
• The erector spinae helps prevent which gait deviation or motion?
• Center of pressure begins at what location during initial contact?
• Which movement provides a flexible adaptor role for weight acceptance after heel contact?
• During terminal swing, the hip is approximately in which position?
• In the frontal plane summary, what is the best location to observe frontal plane gait mechanics?
• Which of the following is NOT a primary action of the tibialis posterior?
• Direction of the ground reaction force at initial contact.
• Which muscles provide push-off during terminal stance and pre-swing?
• Tibialis posterior is described as a potent what?
• Which event occurs at approximately 50% of the gait cycle?
• At the beginning of stance, the hip is described as being slightly what?
• The three major tasks of gait are useful because they help with observing impairments, treatment ideas, patient education, and what else?
• During midstance, the knee may rely on passive bone/ligament lock because which muscle group goes quiet?
• After heel contact, rapid pronation helps with which function?
• During pre-swing, the subtalar joint moves toward maximal inversion because the foot needs to become what?
• Horizontal plane pelvic rotation reduces downward COM displacement by advancing which part of the body?
• During push off, shortening of the ankle plantar flexors creates what?
• If the quadriceps fail to control the external knee flexion moment during loading response, what may occur?
• During midstance, which statement best describes the action of plantarflexor muscles on tibial progression?
• The major quadriceps burst shortly after heel contact controls what?
• Vertical GRFs are directed how relative to the supporting surface?
• During loading response, the external hip moment is what?
• During loading response, quadriceps eccentrically control which knee motion?
• Which sequence describes hip orientation from the start of stance to mid-stance?
• Inadequate hip abductor activation during gait may lead to which lower limb alignment problem?
• Which statement best describes the medial-lateral GRF component?
• Fibularis longus and brevis counteract the strong inversion of which muscle group?
• COM displacement during walking is typically tracked by displacement of what?
• During midstance, the subtalar joint position is approximately which?
• Weakness or poor function of tibialis posterior may result in which deviation?
• During swing, to achieve toe clearance, which muscle action is most important?
• During pre-swing, the ankle is typically positioned in what range?